PKN

Democracy allows the people to determine their leaders through elections.
Democracy is a political form of government that government power comes from the people, either directly (direct democracy) or through representatives (representative democracy). [1] The term comes from the Greek δημοκρατία - (Demokratia) "people's power", [2] formed from the word δῆμος (Demos) "people" and κράτος (Kratos) "power", referring to the political system that emerged in the mid-5th and 4 BC in the ancient Greek city states, notably Athens following a popular revolution in the year 508 BC. [3] The term democracy first introduced by Aristotle as a form of government, the government outlined that power rests in the hands of the people (the people). [4] Abraham Lincoln in a speech Gettysburgnya defines democracy as "government of the people, by the people and for the people ". [5] This means that the supreme power in a democratic system is in the hands of the people and the people have rights, equal opportunities and a voice in regulating government policy. [6] Through democracy, decisions are taken by majority vote majority. [7]
Democracy was formed into a system of government in response to the public in Athens who want to voice their opinions. [5] With the system of democracy, one party absolute power through tyranny, dictatorship and authoritarian rule can be avoided. [5] Democracy provides for freedom of speech people, but in the early days of the formation of yet everyone can express their opinions but only men only. [8] In the meantime, women, slaves, foreigners and residents whose parents are not the people of Athens did not have the rights to it. [9] [8]
In Indonesia, the national movement also envisioned the establishment of the anti-democratic character of feudalism and anti-imperialism, in order to establish a socialist society. [10] Gus Dur, a cornerstone of democracy is justice, in the sense of opening up opportunities to all people, and the mean also the autonomy or independence of the person concerned to organize his life, according to what he wants. [11] The issue of justice is important, in the sense that every person has the right to determine their own way of life, but such rights must be respected and given the opportunity and assistance to achieve it. [11]
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history of democracy
Before the term democracy invented by the Greeks, the simplest form of democracy has been discovered since 4000 BC in Mesopotamia. [9] At that time, the Sumerians had several independent city-state. [9] In every city of the country people often gather to discuss a issues and decisions were taken by consensus or agreement. [9]
It was only in 508 BC, the population of Athens in Greece form a system of government that was the forerunner of modern democracy. [9] Greece at that time consisted of 1,500 city states (poleis) are small and independent. [12] [3] The city-state has a system Different governments, there is an oligarchy, monarchy, tyranny and democracy. [3] Among them are Athena, the city tried a new governance model that time is direct democracy. [13] The originator of the first democracy was Solon , a poet and statesman. [3] The constitutional reform package which he wrote in 594 BC became the basis for democracy in Athens but Solon did not succeed to make changes. [3] Democracy can only be achieved by Kleisthenes hundred years later, a nobleman of Athens. [3] In a democracy, there is no representation in the government reverse any person representing himself with an opinion and choose the policy. [14] But of the approximately 150,000 residents of Athens, just a fifth which can be people and voice their opinions. [8]
Democracy is then copied by the Romans in 510 BC to 27 BC. [9] used the democratic system is a representative democracy where there are few representatives of the nobles in the Senate and the representatives of the common people in the Assembly. [14]
Democratic forms
Generally, there are two forms of democracy are direct democracy and representative democracy. [5]
Direct Democracy
Direct democracy is a form of democracy where all people vote or opinion in determining a decision. [5] In this system, each of the people represent themselves in choosing a policy so that they have a direct influence on the political situation that occurred. [5] The democratic system directly used in the early days of the emergence of democracy in Athens, where when there is a problem that must be resolved, all the people gathered together to discuss it. [5] In the modern era this system would be impractical because the general population of a country is quite large and assembled all the people in the forum are difficult. [5] In addition, this system requires high participation of the people, while modern people tend not to have time to learn all the political problems of the country. [5]
Representative democracy
In a representative democracy, all the people elect representatives through elections to express their opinions and make decisions for them. [5]
Democratic principles


People can freely express their aspirations in politics and social policy.
Democratic principles and prerequisites of the establishment of democracy has been accommodated in the constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. [15] The principles of democracy, can be seen from the opinion Almadudi which became known as the "cornerstone of democracy". [16] According to him, the principles of democracy is : [16]
1. Sovereignty of the people;
2. Government based on the consent of the governed;
3. Majority rule;
4. Minority rights;
5. Guarantees of human rights;
6. Elections free, fair, and honest;
7. Equality before the law;
8. Due process of law;
9. Government restrictions are constitutional;
10. Pluralism social, economic and political;
11. Values ​​of tolerance, pragmatism, cooperation, and consensus.
Basic principles of democracy
The basic idea or the basic idea of ​​a democratic government is the recognition of human nature, that humans have essentially the same capabilities in social relationships. [17] Based on the basic idea is there are two basic principles of democracy, namely: [17]
1. The recognition of citizen participation in government, the election of representatives of the people for the people directly representative institutions, public, free, and confidential and honest and fair, and
2. Recognition of the nature and dignity of man, for example, the government action to protect human rights for the sake of the common good.
The characteristics of democratic government


Elections are directly reflect a good democracy
During its development, democracy becomes an order is received and used by almost all countries in the world. [4] The characteristics of a democratic government is as follows: [4]
1. The involvement of citizens (the people) in the political decision-making, either directly or indirectly (representative).
2. The recognition, respect and protection of human rights of the people (citizens).
3. The existence of equal rights for all citizens in all fields.
4. Judicial institutions and an independent judiciary as a law enforcement tool
5. Having the freedom and liberty for all citizens.
6. The existence of the press (media) are free to convey information and control behavior and government policy.
7. The existence of a general election to elect representatives who sit on people's representative institutions.
8. The existence of free elections, fair, to determine (choose) heads of state and government as well as members of the legislature.
9. Keragamaan the recognition of differences (ethnic, religious, class, and so on).

SENI BUDAYA

well, if you do not understand what classical music please visit wahyuni ​​blog :)

classical music
What is classical music, and compositions like what decent classified as classical music? Genre of music this one was often invite misunderstanding in the eyes of those who "lay". Usually this kind of music is considered synonymous with the music played by the orchestra. Stereotypes are not always true, as a purely orchestral terms is defined as the music played by a band of musicians dominated by a stringed instrument (strings). In fact, the gamelan orchestra also scar.
In its original sense, classical music is a musical composition born of European culture circa 1750-1825. Usually classical music categorized by certain periodicity, ranging from the classical period, followed by the baroque, rococo, and romantic. In this era of big names such as Bach, Mozart, or Haydn birth of his works in the form of the sonata, symphony, concerto solo, string quartet, to opera. But in fact, the classical composer himself never to classify types of compositions they composed. Classification as we know it was done solely to make it easier, especially for academic interest.

There is also another meaning of classical music (although that is rarely used), which is all music with high intellectual beauty of all ages, whether it be a symphony of Mozart, Bach cantata or works of the 20th century. The term "intellectual beauty" itself has a relative sense for everyone. In this sense, the music of the modern era such as Kitaro, Richard Clayderman, Yanni, or even Enya, can also be classified as classical music, depending on which side we enjoyed it. If we enjoy more intellectual elements - in terms of melody, harmony, or other aspects of the composition, then so be it classical music. But if we stick to the terms of the first, then obviously this type of music is not in the classical sense. Is available for a separate genre, the "new age", or sometimes also classified as "art music".
If so, whether the music is often performed by the orchestra of Indonesia, Twilite for example, are also classified as classical music? Well, the problem here is that mistakes are already embedded kaprahan as written above was. Twilite is often criticized by the "mainstream" classical music lovers, because it provides more pop music wrapped in a classic package. Is it true? In fact, Twilite is not on the path to pure classical music - although in one or two occasions they also mempagelarkan classical music. Commonly performed by Twilite actually symphonic music, or Pops (use 's'; refers to pop music with a touch of symphonic-orchestra arrangements). Thus, one is precisely the critics who do not understand the true meaning of classical music (in fact, Twilite was never stated that they mempagelarkan classical music).
However, criticism of the orchestra, we sometimes have a point. For example, is a "taboo" for a professional orchestra to bring some sort syntesizer musical instruments (piano instead), or electric guitar (to replace the acoustic guitar) in staging, where it is often practiced by the orchestra in our country. Also there is criticism about the matter rada rada-technical, such as the role of conductor, audience etiquette, and some other things. Not to mention about the players-that's it. But anyway, the effort to introduce the music more "smart" for our society needs to be appreciated. Cook heck, we would constantly fed with model music wobble increasingly tacky it!

AGAMA

Tolerance

Messenger is the best role model in teaching tolerance to his people.
Tolerance is an attitude to protect the people of different beliefs and positions that do not spread hostility. Prophet not only as a prophet, he is also the head of the family, warlords, and heads of state. Positions and power gained not make it as the act rough and tough.
As a prophet, he show tolerance is forgive and even pray for people who have done evil to him when preaching. After the death of his uncle, Abu Talib, the Prophet visited Taif township. He met three people from the tribal leaders Tsaqif, that Abdi Yalel, Khubaib, and Mas'ud.The Prophet invited them to protect his companions in order not to be disturbed by the tribe of Quraish. However, he experienced painful reality. Prophet expelled and stoned by the Thaqif. As a result, the blood flowed from his body.
Witnessed the incident, the Angel Gabriel asked permission to destroy the Prophet Tsaqif having been tortured. However, what his pronouncements? "Do not! Do not! I hope God will issue from their coccyx descendants will worship Allah and do not associate him with anything. "
He also prayed for the Thaqif. "O Allah, give guidance to my people, because they do not know (the truth)." (Bayhaqi).
On another occasion, as the leader of the state, the Prophet also showed tolerant attitude. When the unrest between Muslims and Quraish and the Jews, the Prophet offered a solution by making the Charter of Medina to seek the peace and tranquility of life in the community. As contained in article 16 which says, "Those Jews who follow us are entitled to relief and compensation, all (the believers) and victimization are not challenged."
In addition to the Charter of Medina, in the event the conquest of Mecca (Makkah Fathu), the Prophet Muhammad was also a very beautiful show tolerance. Residents of Makkah who had been hostile to the Prophet, the fear when Muslims conquered Mecca. Therefore, before the conquest, Muslims are oppressed by the pagan Quraysh of Mecca. Not infrequently, they also obstruct missionary apostle, even to intend to kill him.
However, after the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet forgave their attitude. There is no revenge. Power it has, not make yourself apostle being overbearing or acted arbitrarily. When the Quraysh await his decision, the Apostle said, "I just say to you as the sayings of the Prophet Joseph to his brothers, 'There is no reproach on you this day." Go! You're all free. "(Bayhaqi).
That is among the examples of the Prophet tolerance. Is worth when he became a role model for Muslims in many respects. (Surat al-Ahzab: 21).

OLAHRAGA

nah we learn about the benefits of running for that visit I wrote this blog by wahyuni

Running is the cheapest sport with no benefits priceless. Who wants to pay dearly for the pain? Of course you do not even think like that. To excite your interest in this sport, try to see the benefits of doing fact, quoted by the Times of India:
• The strength of the heart muscle goes over the maximum. The two ventricles pump blood becomes thicker and better, as well as an increase in size of approximately 20 percent. In effect, the power of pumping blood becomes more.
• Heart rate fell to 40-50 times per minute. The heart is not struggling to distribute blood throughout the body. He worked more relaxed. Much research suggests, runners tend to rarely suffer from heart attacks.
• Maintain cholesterol levels. Jogging will reduce LDL cholesterol type and triglycerides, while increasing HDL cholesterol were hostile to the heart. HDL will rise 80-100 milligrams if you regularly run. Sport is capable menyetimulasi hypothalamus of the brain to secrete plasminogen activator that functions as blood antipembekuan. Activator is one of them is facing streptokinase clot formation in the coronary arteries causing a heart attack.
• Helps improve blood sugar levels. Jogging can improve glucose tolerance. Patients with diabetes are encouraged to do jogging regularly to control their sugar levels.
• Creating a feeling of happiness and optimism. In a study of marathon runners, they have a sense of anxiety, stress, depression, and hostility levels. Their concentration went very well and had no problems in sleeping.
• Running able to lose weight quickly when balanced with a healthy diet. People who have problems with obesity are encouraged to do sport.
• Running Sports help smokers kick the bad habit. Origin is also accompanied with intention and maximum effort.
• Normally, a state body to adjust to aging by 10-15 percent within 10 years. But, for the regular run, adjustment of the body against aging more slowly, only 5 per cent in 10 years.