BHS.INGGRIS

RESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

We use

The Present Continuous Tense

when we talk about something which ishappening at the time of speaking.

Example :

Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.

We also use

The Present Continuous Tense

when we talk about somethingwhich is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly atthe time of speaking.

Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment. We often use

the Present Continuous

when we talk about a period around thepresent.

Example :You’re working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to doWe use

the present continuous

when we talk about the changing situation.

Example :The population without jobs is increasing very fast.1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USEDThe adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW,TOMORROW,ETC1.3.

THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :1.3.A. Positive PatternS + am/is/are + Verb + sedang +sekarang 

Examples :1.I am studying English now.

2.We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan)

3.You are singing now.

4.He is making a cake now.

5.she is sewing a shirt no

IPA

PETROLEUM

Petroleum we have known all along, of course because we live yag rich country minyak.tak only that we also used to use oil, from gasoline, diesel, kerosene, asphalt and to others. Yes oil is rich in functionality, but do you know how, process manufacturing, process and benefits administration of petroleum for which I had prepared the article on petroleum. JHappy Reading

FORMATION PROCESS OIL

Petroleum (English: petroleum, from Latin: Petrus), also dubbed as the black gold is a viscous liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is in the upper layers of the few areas in the earth's crust. Petroleum and natural gas from the ocean microorganisms, plants and animals that died about 150 million years ago. The remains of these organisms to settle on the ocean floor, then covered with mud. Layer of mud was gradually transformed into a layer of rock under the influence of pressure on it. Meanwhile, with the increasing pressure and temperature, anaerobic bacteria decompose the remains of these microorganisms and convert it into oil and gas.
 The process of oil and gas formation takes millions of years. Oil and gas are formed permeated the porous rock as the water in the rock. Oil and gas can also migrate from one region to another, then terkosentrasi if blocked by an impermeable layer.
Even though oil and natural gas are formed at the bottom of the ocean, many sources of oil contained in the mainland. This occurs because of the movement of the earth's crust, so most of the ocean to the land.
In this case there are two major theories about the origin of the growing petroleum, among others:
1. Inorganic Theory (abiogenesis)
           Inorganic theory proposed by Barthelot (1866) suggested that there is oil in the alkali metals, which in a free state with a high temperature will be in contact with CO2 to form asitilena. Then Mandeleyev (1877) suggested that petroleum is formed due to the influence of working steam on metal carbides in the earth. Even more extreme is the claim that some experts argued that oil started to form since prehistoric times, long before the Earth was formed, and in conjunction with the formation of the earth. The statement is based on facts discovered hydrocarbon material in some meteor rocks and in the atmosphere some other planet. Generally expressed as follows:
Based on the theory of inorganic, petroleum formation based on chemical processes, namely:
a. The theory of heat alkalization with CO2 (Berthelot)
Reaction occurs:
CO2 + alkali metal carbides
H2O + carbide ocetylena
C2H2 C6H6 other components
In other words, there is oil in the alkali metals in a free state and a high temperature. When CO2 from the air in contact with hot alkali before it will form ocetylena. Ocetylena will change to benzene due to high temperatures. The downside of these metals are alkali metals are not found free in the earth's crust.
b. The theory of heat carbide with water (Mendeleyef)
The assumption used is no iron carbide in the Earth's crust which then come into contact with water to form hydrocarbons, weaknesses not enough carbide in nature.

2.Teori Organic (biogenesis)
Based on the theory of biogenesis, petroleum is formed due to a small leak permanently in the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is occurring between the atmosphere to the earth's surface, which is described by the two arrows in the opposite direction, where the carbon is transported in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In the first direction, assimilate carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which means that CO2 extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic organisms land and sea. At the direction of the second CO2 released back into the atmosphere through respiration of living things (plants, animals, and microorganisms).

O.g. Mackuire who first expressed the opinion that oil derived from plants. Several arguments have been advanced to prove that oil comes from organic matter that is:
- Oil has properties can rotate the plane of polarization, is caused by
presence of cholesterol or fatty substance found in the blood, while the substance
Organic is not present in the blood and can not play the field
polarization.
- Petroleum or substance containing porphyrin complex consists of
hydrocarbons with elements of vanadium, nickel, etc..
- The composition of hydrocarbons consisting of C and H atoms are very similar to the substance
organic, consisting of C, H and O. Although organic matter menggandung
oxygen and nitrogen is quite large.
- Hydrocarbons contained in sediments and an integral part
sedimentation.
- Practically layer of oil contained in the cambium until pleistosan.
- Petroleum contain chlorophyll like a plant.

The process of formation of petroleum consists of three levels, namely:
1. The establishment itself, consisting of:
    - Accumulation of organic matter in sediments
    - The preservation of organic matter in sediments
    - Transformation of organic matter into petroleum.
2. Petroleum migration formed and dispersed in the lapisansedimen
    trapped.
3. Accumulated oil drops dispersed in a layer of sediment up to berkumpil
    a commercial accumulation.

The process of organic chemistry in general can be solved by experiments in the laboratory, but a variety of geological factors on how the presence and distribution of petroleum in the sediments must also be reviewed. This fact is summarized by Cox who then known as Cox fence include:
Petroleum is always contained in sedimentary rocks and marine sediments are generally at, fesies major sediment contained petroleum around the coast.
Memeng oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
Reservior temperatures average 107 ° C and oil still can last up to 200 ° C. Above this temperature forfirin has not survived.
Petroleum is always formed in a state characterized by forfirin reduction and sulfur.
Oil can withstand the pressure changes from 8-10000 psi.
The process of transformation of organic matter into petroleum.
There are several things that affect the above events, including:
1. Thermal degradation
    As a result of the accumulation of sediment exposed and pembanaman will arise
    changes in pressure and temperature. Changes in temperature is a very important factor.
2. Catalytic reaction
    Presence of a catalyst to speed up chemical processes.
3. Radioaktivasi
    Effect of fatty acids pembombanderan dapay formed by alpha particles
    paraffinic hydrocarbons. This shows the influence of the organic substance radioactive.
4. Bacterial activity.
    Bacteria have a great potential in the process of formation of hydrocarbons
    petroleum and plays a role since the demise of organic compounds
    until the time of diagnosis, as well as setting up the conditions that allow
    formation of petroleum.
Organic matter as a source of
Oragink types of substances used as sources of petroleum experts say dap [at concluded that the type of organic matter is a major shaper of petroleum substances are organic lipidzat can form in the life of the sea or land, and can be divided into two types, namely: derived from vegetable and animal .

KEWIRAUSAHAAN

hay time I wayuni will provide materials for business ideas
Envelope A:
You live in a residential area is very dense population, many young men and women, students and employees who live in boarding houses, residents are middle class employees. There are several restaurants and cafes in the area, there is also a mini market 3 pieces with a little distance and a traditional market is very crowded. In the public transportation and taxis are the public transportation, other than a motorcycle owned by most of the population. What businesses can be opened to be profitable?


Envelope B:
Residence luxury complex on the border with the township. There are various levels of schools both inside and outside the complex. There is even a private university that has a student body of about 500 people each year, standing in the area. Despite the luxury complex, available roads are passable by villagers who would pass to ride vehicles usually raise and lower the passenger in the front of the complex. Available within the complex terrain park and usually used the exercise on Saturday and Sunday. How the type of business that fits in the area?


Envelope C:
You live near traditional markets in a village. The market is very crowded especially on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, as many employees and an employee of the weekly shopping at the market. About 700 meters from the traditional market housing complex there are 2 government employees are predominantly young families husband and wife work. They are always just get to the market on Friday-Sunday. Vehicle from the complex into the market with motorcycle taxi or private vehicle. Think of the effort required in the neighborhood!

Envelope D
You live in a rural population still lives traditionally. Majority of the population are subsistence farming and gardening, but most of their children to school in the city and return to their villages once or twice a month. Each resident has a motorcycle as their transport to the garden / field or to the market. Traditional markets only operate once a week on Wednesday. On Saturday and Sunday the village seemed more crowded, because there wisataawan who came to enjoy the panoramic view of the falls and cultural heritage at the edge of the village. Existing highways built through the middle of the village government became extremely crowded on weekends though ditepinya many trees and plants corn, sugar cane and other crops. On Monday through Friday, the proficiency level is very quiet, only occasionally crossed the motorcycle. Think of a business that can be opened!

KIMIA

caiber boy
AKlasifikasi Substances or Material
 
The material is composed of several constituent particles. Scientists classify a substance or material into two groups: single substances and mixtures. Elements and compounds are included in the class of a single substance. The element consists of metallic and non-metallic. Pure substances have properties that differentiate with other substances. For example, the element hydrogen are composed of hydrogen atoms only. Oxygen Elements are composed of atoms of oxygen alone. The behavior of oxygen and hydrogen do not appear on the substance formed from both, eg water (H2O). In nature there are 92 kinds of natural elements, while the rest are artificial elements. The total number of elements in the approximately 106 types of elements.

A. Element
 
The element is a single substance that can not be described again into other substances by ordinary chemical reactions. The number of elements present in nature is quite difficult for us to remember the name of the element. Therefore, we need a procedure to help us remember the name of the element. Jons Jacob Berzelius (1779 ~ 1848), introduced the procedure of writing the name and symbols of the elements, namely: (1) Each element is represented by a single letter taken from the initial letters of the name of the element. (2) Coat the elements written with capital letters. (3) For the element that has the same initial letter, then writing the distinguished name by adding one letter behind and lowercase. Example: Carbon Element written C, oxygen O written, written Aluminium Al, Ca Calcium written.

Grouping Elements
1) metallic element
 
Iron, copper, zinc, including metal
In general, the metal element has a characteristic shiny white, has a low melting point, it can conduct electricity, malleable and can conduct heat or hot. In general, metals are solid, but there is a metallic element that is liquid mercury. Some metallic elements that are useful in everyday life, such as:
a. Iron (Fe), is the most inexpensive metal, as a mixture with carbon produces steel for construction, automobiles and railways.
b. Copper (Cu), widely used in electrical wiring, jewelry, and coins. Copper alloy with tin produces bronze while producing a mixture of copper with zinc brass.
c. Zinc (Zn), can be used as the roof of the home, home appliances, and iron coatings to prevent rust.

2) non-metallic element
 
Examples of non-metals: Fluoride in toothpaste, iodine in iodized salt
In general, non-metallic elements have properties not shiny, poor conductors of electricity, and can not be forged. In general, non-metal is a poor conductor of heat, but there is a nonmetallic element that can conduct heat well which is graphite. Some non metallic elements that are useful in everyday life, such as:
a. Fluorine (F), when the fluoride compound mixed with toothpaste serves to strengthen the tooth, freon - 12 as a refrigerator and air conditioning refrigerant.
b. Bromine (Br), its benefits: bromine compounds are used as a nerve sedative, film photography, and mixed materials firefighting agent.
c. Iodine (I), the benefits are: iodine compound used as an antiseptic wound, extra iodine in salt, and as a test of starch (carbohydrates) in the flour industry.


3) semi-metallic element (Metaloid)
Elements of semi metals have properties between metals and non-metals. Some semi-metallic elements that are useful in everyday life, such as:
a. Silicon (Si), there are at most second nature after oxygen, ie 28% of the earth's crust. Silicone compounds are widely used in the cutting and sanding equipment, for semi conductors, as well as materials for making glass and ceramics.
b. Germanium (Ge), the presence of germanium in nature is very little, derived from coal and rock solid zinc. Germanium is a semiconductor material, which at low temperatures serves as an insulator, while at higher temperatures as a conductor.

B. Compound

Examples of compounds: water (H2O) and salt (NaCl)
The compound is a combination of several elements that are formed through chemical reactions. Compounds have properties that are different from their constituent elements. For example, two atoms of hydrogen with one atom of oxygen can combine to form a molecule of water (H2O). Hydrogen is a very light gas and combustible gas while oxygen is present in the air that our body is necessary for combustion. It seems clear that the properties of water vary with the nature of hydrogen and oxygen. Another example is a compound salt (NaCl). Salt prepared by the elements sodium and chlorine elements. Sodium has a light metallic properties, while chlorine is a toxic gas. The two elements are combined to form salt form of the mineral that is needed by our bodies. The compound includes a single substance that is composed of several elements with a fixed mass ratio. In nature there are about 10 million compounds. Water (H2O) is the most abundant compound in nature. Compounds are written in the form of a chemical formula. Its chemical formula is a substance that consists of a collection of items with the symbols of a particular composition. The composition is in the form of numbers which states the number of constituent atoms (index numbers). For example, a compound made up of atoms of the element sodium (Na) and the atoms of the element chlorine (Cl). If the index number of atoms of each element is 1 and 1, the chemical formula of compounds formed as follows:
The index number Na = 1, the index number Cl = 1,
So the chemical formula of the compound is NaCl (sodium chloride).
Formula may be the molecular formula and the empirical formula. The molecular formula is a chemical formula that states the type and number of atoms that make up matter. For example, C2H4 (Ethene), H2O (water). The empirical formula is a formula that states the smallest ratio of the number of atoms that form a compound. For example, the chemical formula C2H4, the empirical formula of the compound is CH2.


C. Mix
The mixture is a combination of a substance with no fixed ratio without going through a chemical reaction. In everyday life we ​​encounter many mixed. For example, river water, soil, air, food, water, salt solution, sugar solution, etc.. The original nature of the mixture forming substances exist that can still be distinguished from each other, some are indistinguishable. In the air mixed with some elements in the form of gas, such as: nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases. Fresh air we breathe contains more oxygen than the air polluted. In the air is also composed of several compounds, such as: smoke and dust.
Mixed Grouping:
1. Homogeneous Mixture

Homogeneous Mixture Examples: Syrup
A mixture of two or more substances that the particles that are indistinguishable longer called a homogeneous mixture. Homogeneous mixture is often called a solution. Examples include: a mixture of water with the sugar called glucose solution, mix with salt water called brine. Size of particles in solution has a diameter of approximately 0.000000001 m, and can not be seen with a microscope. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and nickel. Gold is a homogeneous mixture, mixing metals is done by melting the metals. An alloy with other metals called alloys.

2. Heterogeneous Mixture

Heterogeneous Mixture Examples: river
A mixture of two or more kinds of substances whose constituent particles can still be distinguished from each other is called a heterogeneous mixture. Example of a heterogeneous mixture of soil, river water, food, beverages, sea water, cookie dough, batter concrete, etc.. In a heterogeneous mixture of substances between the wall can still be seen, such as water mixed with oil, a mixture of iron and sand, a mixture of iron powder and water, etc.. In the heterogeneous mixture divided into two parts, namely:
a. Colloid, the colloidal particles can only be seen with a microscope ultra. The particle size of between 0.5 m s.d 1 mm. Examples of colloids: milk, smoke, fog, agar-agar.
b. Suspension, the particles in suspension can only be seen with a regular microscope. Between particle size greater than 0.3 m. Example suspension: oil and water, murky water, and lime.