IPA

PETROLEUM

Petroleum we have known all along, of course because we live yag rich country minyak.tak only that we also used to use oil, from gasoline, diesel, kerosene, asphalt and to others. Yes oil is rich in functionality, but do you know how, process manufacturing, process and benefits administration of petroleum for which I had prepared the article on petroleum. JHappy Reading

FORMATION PROCESS OIL

Petroleum (English: petroleum, from Latin: Petrus), also dubbed as the black gold is a viscous liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is in the upper layers of the few areas in the earth's crust. Petroleum and natural gas from the ocean microorganisms, plants and animals that died about 150 million years ago. The remains of these organisms to settle on the ocean floor, then covered with mud. Layer of mud was gradually transformed into a layer of rock under the influence of pressure on it. Meanwhile, with the increasing pressure and temperature, anaerobic bacteria decompose the remains of these microorganisms and convert it into oil and gas.
 The process of oil and gas formation takes millions of years. Oil and gas are formed permeated the porous rock as the water in the rock. Oil and gas can also migrate from one region to another, then terkosentrasi if blocked by an impermeable layer.
Even though oil and natural gas are formed at the bottom of the ocean, many sources of oil contained in the mainland. This occurs because of the movement of the earth's crust, so most of the ocean to the land.
In this case there are two major theories about the origin of the growing petroleum, among others:
1. Inorganic Theory (abiogenesis)
           Inorganic theory proposed by Barthelot (1866) suggested that there is oil in the alkali metals, which in a free state with a high temperature will be in contact with CO2 to form asitilena. Then Mandeleyev (1877) suggested that petroleum is formed due to the influence of working steam on metal carbides in the earth. Even more extreme is the claim that some experts argued that oil started to form since prehistoric times, long before the Earth was formed, and in conjunction with the formation of the earth. The statement is based on facts discovered hydrocarbon material in some meteor rocks and in the atmosphere some other planet. Generally expressed as follows:
Based on the theory of inorganic, petroleum formation based on chemical processes, namely:
a. The theory of heat alkalization with CO2 (Berthelot)
Reaction occurs:
CO2 + alkali metal carbides
H2O + carbide ocetylena
C2H2 C6H6 other components
In other words, there is oil in the alkali metals in a free state and a high temperature. When CO2 from the air in contact with hot alkali before it will form ocetylena. Ocetylena will change to benzene due to high temperatures. The downside of these metals are alkali metals are not found free in the earth's crust.
b. The theory of heat carbide with water (Mendeleyef)
The assumption used is no iron carbide in the Earth's crust which then come into contact with water to form hydrocarbons, weaknesses not enough carbide in nature.

2.Teori Organic (biogenesis)
Based on the theory of biogenesis, petroleum is formed due to a small leak permanently in the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is occurring between the atmosphere to the earth's surface, which is described by the two arrows in the opposite direction, where the carbon is transported in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In the first direction, assimilate carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which means that CO2 extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic organisms land and sea. At the direction of the second CO2 released back into the atmosphere through respiration of living things (plants, animals, and microorganisms).

O.g. Mackuire who first expressed the opinion that oil derived from plants. Several arguments have been advanced to prove that oil comes from organic matter that is:
- Oil has properties can rotate the plane of polarization, is caused by
presence of cholesterol or fatty substance found in the blood, while the substance
Organic is not present in the blood and can not play the field
polarization.
- Petroleum or substance containing porphyrin complex consists of
hydrocarbons with elements of vanadium, nickel, etc..
- The composition of hydrocarbons consisting of C and H atoms are very similar to the substance
organic, consisting of C, H and O. Although organic matter menggandung
oxygen and nitrogen is quite large.
- Hydrocarbons contained in sediments and an integral part
sedimentation.
- Practically layer of oil contained in the cambium until pleistosan.
- Petroleum contain chlorophyll like a plant.

The process of formation of petroleum consists of three levels, namely:
1. The establishment itself, consisting of:
    - Accumulation of organic matter in sediments
    - The preservation of organic matter in sediments
    - Transformation of organic matter into petroleum.
2. Petroleum migration formed and dispersed in the lapisansedimen
    trapped.
3. Accumulated oil drops dispersed in a layer of sediment up to berkumpil
    a commercial accumulation.

The process of organic chemistry in general can be solved by experiments in the laboratory, but a variety of geological factors on how the presence and distribution of petroleum in the sediments must also be reviewed. This fact is summarized by Cox who then known as Cox fence include:
Petroleum is always contained in sedimentary rocks and marine sediments are generally at, fesies major sediment contained petroleum around the coast.
Memeng oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
Reservior temperatures average 107 ° C and oil still can last up to 200 ° C. Above this temperature forfirin has not survived.
Petroleum is always formed in a state characterized by forfirin reduction and sulfur.
Oil can withstand the pressure changes from 8-10000 psi.
The process of transformation of organic matter into petroleum.
There are several things that affect the above events, including:
1. Thermal degradation
    As a result of the accumulation of sediment exposed and pembanaman will arise
    changes in pressure and temperature. Changes in temperature is a very important factor.
2. Catalytic reaction
    Presence of a catalyst to speed up chemical processes.
3. Radioaktivasi
    Effect of fatty acids pembombanderan dapay formed by alpha particles
    paraffinic hydrocarbons. This shows the influence of the organic substance radioactive.
4. Bacterial activity.
    Bacteria have a great potential in the process of formation of hydrocarbons
    petroleum and plays a role since the demise of organic compounds
    until the time of diagnosis, as well as setting up the conditions that allow
    formation of petroleum.
Organic matter as a source of
Oragink types of substances used as sources of petroleum experts say dap [at concluded that the type of organic matter is a major shaper of petroleum substances are organic lipidzat can form in the life of the sea or land, and can be divided into two types, namely: derived from vegetable and animal .